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Building Energy Saving Retrofit in Liu Lian Primary School / FORWARD STUDIO. Image © Tianpei Zeng

氣候改造的隱性碳成本
The Hidden Carbon Cost of Climate Retrofits

由專筑網王沛儒，小R編譯

城市環境的不斷演變需要建筑景觀一起調整，改造則是讓建筑適應和滿足新需求的重要途徑。在全球關注環境問題的大背景下，氣候改造已經成為一種流行的策略，在提高運行效率的基礎上對建筑進行升級。為了滿足公眾的愿景，倫敦再全市范圍內進行了去碳化改造，雖然此類改造能顯著降低能耗，但往往也會帶來隱性成本--改造材料中的內含碳以及未來可能產生的浪費。

建筑改造通常側重于兩個主要方面：建筑結構和建筑服務。例如，溫帶氣候地區的建筑可能會優先考慮通過改進隔熱性能、雙層或三層玻璃以及隔熱門來減少熱量損失。這些措施可以大幅減少建筑物的能源需求，從而降低運行過程中的碳排放量，減少居住者的取暖成本。

Evolving urban conditions call for an evolving builtscape, and retrofits have been a key mechanism to allow buildings to adapt and respond to new needs. Amidst global environmental concerns, climate retrofits have become a popular strategy to upgrade buildings based on improved operational efficiency. Global decarbonization plans have even called for city-wide retrofits, such as in the case of London, to meet civic goals. While such upgrades significantly reduce energy consumption, they often come with a hidden cost - embodied carbon in retrofit materials and the potential for future waste.
Building retrofits typically focus on two main areas: the building fabric and building services. For example, buildings in temperate climates may prioritize reduced heat loss through improved insulation, double or triple glazing, and insulated doors. Such measures can dramatically decrease a building's energy demand, leading to lower operational carbon emissions and reduced heating costs for occupants.

Timber Adaptive Reuse Theater / CO Adaptive. Image Courtesy of CO Adaptive Architecture

氣候改造中使用的材料，如隔熱材料和玻璃，往往因其自身的碳足跡而被忽視。這些材料在生產、運輸和安裝過程中產生的碳排放，在追求直接能效收益的過程中被忽略了。許多常見的改造材料壽命有限，而這些改造方案的使用壽命卻很少被考慮，為了保持最佳能效，建筑可能需要頻繁升級或更換改造組件，這就造成了浪費，隨著部件的老化和需要定期更換而不斷產生碳排放。

Materials used in climate retrofits, such as insulation and glazing, are often overlooked for their own carbon footprint. Embodied carbon from emissions associated with the production, transportation, and installation of these materials lose emphasis in the push for immediate energy efficiency gains. Many common retrofit materials have limited lifespans, and the longevity of these retrofit solutions is rarely considered. In the pursuit of maintaining optimal energy efficiency, buildings may require frequent upgrades or replacements of retrofit components. This leads to a legacy of waste and recurring embodied carbon as components degrade and require replacement.


Towards a Circular Approach

Copenhagen International School Nordhavn / C.F. Møller. Image © Adam Mørk

為了應對這個挑戰，專家們呼吁將循環經濟原則納入氣候改造實踐，這種策略的目的是循環盡可能長時間地保持材料的最高價值，優先考慮再利用和再制造，而不是回收或處置。在建筑改造方面，這可能導致設計解決方案能夠在不損壞周圍材料的情況下輕松更換隔熱材料，或者開發可以就地再制造而非需要完全更換的系統。這些程序能夠減少浪費，同時最大限度地減少與重復改造相關的常規碳排量。

考慮建筑的整個生命周期是建筑改造循環方法的核心，建筑師應該傾向于采用易于拆卸和重新組裝的解決方案，使用耐用或易于回收的材料。通過模塊化系統實現組件的標準化，可以在后期進行升級和更換，不再需要大規模翻新。同樣，可持續的性能監測對于確定需要改進的領域也至關重要，這些數據可以為組件更換提供決策依據，從而確保在建筑的整個延長使用期限內達到最佳效果。

To address this challenge, experts are calling for the integration of circular economy principles into climate retrofit practices. The circular economy aims to keep materials at their highest value for as long as possible, prioritizing reuse and remanufacturing over recycling or disposal. In the context of building retrofits, this could result in design solutions that allow for easy replacement of insulation without damaging surrounding materials, or developing systems that can be remanufactured in situ rather than fully replaced. Such procedures would help reduce waste while minimizing the regular embodied carbon associated with repeated retrofits.
The consideration of the total lifecycle of the building lies at the heart of a circular approach to building retrofits. Architects should lean towards solutions that are easily dismantled and reassembled, and the use of durable or readily recyclable materials. Standardizing components through modular systems allows for future upgrades and replacements without major renovations. Similarly, ongoing performance monitoring becomes essential to identify areas for improvement. This data can then inform decisions about component replacements, ensuring optimal efficiency throughout the building's extended lifespan.

Despite its environmental provisions, ZeroHouse also places an emphasis on user-friendly design. Image Courtesy of Snøhetta and Plompmozes

Retrofit Brigadeiro / Coletivo de Arquitetos. Image © Max Fahrer

盡管循環改造為實現更可持續的建筑環境帶來了巨大的希望，但在廣泛采用循環改造的過程中仍存在一些障礙。其中一個關鍵因素是專業人士，這個過程需要一支受過新安裝技術、解構和材料回收培訓的高技能勞動力隊伍，整個行業需要被灌輸一種拆卸而非拆除的思想。

轉型需要延伸到建筑工地以外，需要支持改裝部件的再制造和再循環，就必須發展可執行的供應鏈。這可能需要在建筑行業內設立全新的專業職位，在整個建筑生命周期內促進更多的循環方法。

對業主和建筑管理者進行教育，有助于落實政府的政策和法規，堅持循環改造原則。雖然循環改造的前期成本可能較高，但它們卻能提供卓越的長期價值。優先考慮循環性的支持性激勵措施、法規和更新的建筑標準有助于共同應對這些挑戰。

While circular retrofits hold immense promise for a more sustainable built environment, certain roadblocks stand in the way of their widespread adoption. A crucial factor is the need for an upskilled workforce with training in new installation techniques, deconstruction, and material recovery. The industry as a whole need to be instilled with a mindset of disassembly rather than demolition.
The transformation needs to extend beyond construction sites. The development of performative supply chains is important to support the remanufacturing and recycling of retrofit components. This may involve the creation of entirely new specialist roles within the construction sector, fostering a more circular approach throughout the entire building lifecycle.
Educating homeowners and building managers will help operationalize any policies and regulations from governments to uphold circular retrofit principles. While circular retrofits may have higher upfront costs, they offer superior long-term value. Supportive incentives, regulations, and updated building standards that prioritize circularity can help address these challenges collaboratively.

LETI's retrofit process. Image Courtesy of LETI

An array of features include PV cells, a heat pump, window shrouds and a solar vent. Image Courtesy of Snøhetta

實施循環改造的緊迫性怎么強調都不為過。據估計，英格蘭就有約 30 億平方米的墻體需要隔熱處理，如果采用傳統方法，可能會產生 3 億立方米的保溫材料，最終需要進行報廢處理。如果不采用循環方法，這么多的材料很可能最終被填埋或焚化，造成資源的嚴重浪費，除此之外，這也是未來碳排放的主要來源。

向循環改造過渡需要整個建筑行業的合作，從建筑師和工程師到制造商和安裝商，還需要支持性的政策框架和創新的融資模式。循環改造為減少運營中的碳排放和隱性碳成本提供了一條途徑，使未來幾十年的建筑都能經得起考驗。

The urgency of implementing circular retrofits cannot be overstated. In England alone, it's estimated that a wall area of approximately 3 billion square meters requires insulation. If this is done using traditional methods, it could result in 300 million cubic meters of insulation material that will eventually require end-of-life processing. Without circular approaches, this massive volume of material is likely to end up in landfills or incinerators, representing a significant waste of resources and a major source of future emissions.
The transition to circular retrofits will require collaboration across the entire construction industry, from architects and engineers to manufacturers and installers. It will also necessitate supportive policy frameworks and innovative financing models. Circular retrofits offer a path to reduced operational carbon emissions and hidden carbon costs, enabling future-proofed buildings for decades to come.

Building Energy Saving Retrofit in Liu Lian Primary School / FORWARD STUDIO. Image © Tianpei Zeng

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