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生活在水上——漂浮城市的藍圖
Head Above the Water: Today’s Blueprints for Building Tomorrow’s Floating Cities
由專筑網胖胖鳥，小R編譯
隨著全球氣候變化，海平面上升，約有25億人居住在距離海岸線不足100公里的地區，面臨著巨大的風險。傳統的填海造地方法不僅成本高、耗能大，而且對環境造成了巨大的破壞。因此，人們開始尋找新的解決方案——水上定居點，這里不僅可以抵御海平面上升的風險，還可以為人類提供新的生活和工作空間。
荷蘭的阿姆斯特丹、鹿特丹和美國的西雅圖等城市已經開始了水上建筑的實驗。例如，鹿特丹的浮動農場是一個集奶牛養殖、水果種植和觀光于一體的水上建筑。浮動農場采用了航海原理，設計了緊湊的三層結構，里面可以容納40頭奶牛。建筑的下部是沉重的結構和技術設施，上部是輕量的材料和設備。
With an estimated 2.5 billion people living within 62 miles (100 kilometers) of a coastline, rising sea levels pose a significant risk to human settlements. Traditional land reclamation methods are becoming increasingly unsustainable and environmentally damaging, thus sparking innovative solutions for water-based habitats that are both resilient as well as sustainable. The idea of a floating structure has been carried out as an architectural experiment in many instances. Especially in cities such as Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Seattle, which are in immediate contact with the water, projects such as floating homes, bridges and piers are gradually becoming the norm.
One rather unusual example is the Floating Farm Dairy in Rotterdam by Goldsmith. It is a compact triple-stacked structure housing 40 dairy cows floating in the city harbor of the M4H development zone. The floating farm is an agricultural building based on nautical principles. As a result, its functional organization and use of materials are carefully selected. All heavy structural and technical functions are situated in the submerged part of the building, while the more lightweight components are placed on top. Concrete pontoons house the production of fruits, shielding them from the rain, while translucent polycarbonate is used for the façade.
Floating Farm Dairy by Goldsmith, Rotterdam, Netherlands
我們來看看建筑浮動農場的設計。它的核心理念是模塊化設計。這意味著可以根據需求隨意擴展和改變建筑形狀，可以讓建筑物、甚至整個城市根據居民需求有機地發展。比如，在城市規劃方面，模塊化設計不再局限于結構和功能，而可以變成居民區、商業區，或者像浮動農場這樣的工業區。與此同時，通過將綠色空間和城市農場納入城市功能網格中，這些新型建筑可以提供新鮮果蔬，同時可以調節氣溫、改善空氣質量。
再比如，MOS Architects事務所在加拿大設計的浮動房屋也是一樣。建筑師根據標準的民間建筑模式，計劃在湖邊建造五棟小別墅。由于傳統的建造方式會對島嶼造成很大的破壞和經濟負擔，因此建筑師設計了一個2,200平方英尺的鋼質浮動平臺，并將房屋預制在一間建筑商店內，然后拖帶到湖邊，最后完成相關的安裝和最終細節。這些新型建筑的外墻和屋頂由一層天然的雪松圍排組成，能夠讓房屋內保持適當的空氣流動。
Reflecting upon the Floating Farm Dairy, the core principle of floating structures is modularity. This design allows for scalability and flexibility, enabling buildings, and potentially, large scale cities to grow organically based on the needs of their inhabitants. In the case of an urban planning strategy, the modules cease to be structural or functional components and are transformed in residential, commercial or in this case industrial proposals. In parallel, by integrating green spaces and urban farms within a city’s functional grid, these new structures provide fresh produce as well as help in regulating temperatures and improving air quality.
Another controversial structure is the Floating House by MOS Architects in Canada. It is part of a master plan of five proposed cabins based on the repetition of a standardized vernacular archetype. Due to the fact that a traditional on-site construction process would have been expensive and quite damaging to the island, the 2,200-square-f00t house was built on a steel pontoon structure near the lake shore. More accurately, it was assembled in a contractor’s shop and eventually towed and anchored to the site, where the final installations were carried out. The exterior cladding comprises of an inventive cedar rainscreen for the walls and roof, providing sufficient air flow within the house.
Floating House by MOS Architects, Canada
水上建筑需要使用輕質、耐用、環保的材料。例如，創新材料如木材或聚碳酸酯可以提供必要的強度同時減輕重量，而預制裝配可以提高建筑的強度和可持續性。
中國成都的“天空浮島”項目是一個浮動橋梁，連接了兩個陸地，形成獨特的水上空間。該項目面臨了諸多挑戰，如低成本、十年的使用壽命以及水位變化等。通過使用鋼纜固定浮動橋梁，并設計了部分穿孔和水浸材料來解決浮力問題，最終形成了七個不同大小的浮島，覆蓋了豐富的植被，包括釣魚、野餐和休息區。
Floating house demonstrates that using lightweight, durable, and eco-friendly materials is crucial for building on water. For example, innovations in materials science, such as timber or polycarbonate screens can provide the necessary strength while reducing weight. At the same time, off-site assemblies increase the chances of a more robust as well as zero-carbon construction process.
Finally, the project Floating Islands of Sky by unarchitecte in Chengdu, China, is a pontoon bridge that floats on the surface of the water acting as a crossing between two pieces of land. Numerous challenges such as low-cost construction, a ten-year lifecycle expectancy as well as the varying changes in water level had to be addressed. As a result, steel cables were used to secure the floating bridges to the bottom of the lake, while a series of partially perforated and water-permeable hydrophilic areas were designed in order to deal with the issue of buoyancy. The final design, consisted of seven islands in different sizes, covered in lush vegetation that included spaces for fishing as well as picnic and resting areas. The paths in-between these hexagonal artificial islands are made of planks controlled by air cushions that respond to the changing water levels.
Floating Islands of Sky by unarchitecte, Chengdu, China
這三個項目展示了水上建筑的創新設計方法和結構、環境技術，證明了水上建筑完全可行。然而，隨著氣候變化加劇，海平面上升，全球沿海城市面臨著巨大的風險，迫使建筑師們進一步探索水上建筑的可能性。
然而，水上建筑也引發了一個道德問題：在已經造成了嚴重環境問題的陸地上，我們是否應該繼續建造更多的建筑？亦或是在水上？或者，我們應該反思自己的行為，減少對環境的破壞，而不是試圖通過水上建筑來應對挑戰？
水上建筑需要更深入的研究和考慮，特別是在結構穩定性和功能性方面。水上建筑還需要解決水資源收集、食物生產和能源供應等問題。因此，水上城市是一個更加敏感的建筑場景，它不僅可以應對海平面上升的挑戰，還可以扭轉當前所存在的負面建筑理念。
The three projects display various innovative design methods with structural and environmental techniques that prove that floating structures are a very real possibility and not just a vision of a sci-fi future. As climate change accelerates, rising sea levels threaten coastal cities worldwide, putting millions at risk of displacement and thus urging architects to conduct further water-based building experiments. And yet, an ethical point arises, where overbuilding is what is currently causing the myriads of environmental changes happening to our planet, including the gradual flooding of coastal regions. Is it therefore the answer to resort to additional buildings — this time situated on water — in order to respond to this challenge? In other words, humans have already covered the land; wouldn’t then building on water become equally catastrophic for our future?
Contrary to soil and land, the water is much less unforgiving; it requires further study and consideration in terms of structural stability as well as what functions are truly necessary, instead of the ones that are, in fact, merely desired. Water harvesting, food production and energy are also harder to control. Consequently, “floating cities” is an architectural scenario much more sensitive to the world’s ecosystem, which not only responds to the impending crisis of rising waters but could even reverse the damage and impact of our current building philosophy.
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