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建筑賞析|不止是一座住宅——解密Caffetto別墅的文化使命

發(fā)布于：2025-03-12 11:49:19

首頁/技術(shù)分享/建筑賞析

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不止是一座住宅——解密Caffetto別墅的文化使命第1張圖片

▲ Caffetto別墅位于意大利倫巴第大區(qū)布雷西亞省的卡爾奇納托小鎮(zhèn)，建筑順應(yīng)地形的自然坡度而建，是20世紀(jì)70年代現(xiàn)代主義與粗野主義建筑傾向的典型代表。
Located in the Brescian town of Calcinato, and built to adapt to the natural slope of the terrain, Villa Caffetto is emblematic of the modernist and brutalist tendencies that emerged during the 1970s
(Image credit: Adam Štěch)

Caffetto別墅的粗獷之美：一座具有埃舍爾風(fēng)格的意大利現(xiàn)代主義瑰寶
The brutal harmony of Villa Caffetto: an Escheresque Italian modernist gem

由專筑網(wǎng)Yinglin，小R編譯

這座具有埃舍爾風(fēng)格的意大利Caffetto別墅由Fausto Bontempi為雕塑家Claudio Caffetto設(shè)計(jì)。

Caffetto別墅難以一眼盡覽。這座非凡的住宅由藝術(shù)家Claudio Caffetto（1942-2022）委托建造，位于意大利倫巴第大區(qū)布雷西亞附近，仿若雕塑建筑的宣言書。Caffetto別墅層次豐富，以幾何形狀和斜角形式構(gòu)成，結(jié)合混凝土、玻璃與金屬材料，其視覺復(fù)雜性與精巧程度堪比Giovanni Battista Piranesi那著名的18世紀(jì)虛構(gòu)樓梯版畫。這座建筑代表了20世紀(jì)70年代意大利晚期現(xiàn)代主義與粗野主義傾向的建筑運(yùn)動(dòng)，這一時(shí)期深受當(dāng)時(shí)流行的后現(xiàn)代主義與高技派風(fēng)潮的影響。

這一20世紀(jì)建筑歷史的獨(dú)特篇章孕育出了一些極具實(shí)驗(yàn)性和大膽創(chuàng)新的現(xiàn)代住宅，雖然它們?cè)欢缺粴v史遺忘，但是，Caffetto別墅使這一時(shí)代再次回到了聚光燈下。

The Escheresque Italian Villa Caffetto designed by Fausto Bontempi for sculptor Claudio Caffetto
It is difficult to take Villa Caffetto in at a single glance. Built for artist Claudio Caffetto (1942-2022), this extraordinary house near Brescia in the Lombardy region of Italy reads like a manifesto for sculptural architecture. With its rich and layered architecture, a composition of geometric shapes and oblique forms in concrete, glass and metal as visually complex and intricate as Giovanni Battista Piranesi's famous etchings of imaginary 18th-century staircases, represents an Italian movement of late modernist and brutalist tendencies which emerged in the 1970s, influenced by the then-popular postmodern and High-Tech trends.
This specific chapter of 20th-century architecture led to the creation of some of the most experimental and bold examples of modern domestic architecture, despite falling into oblivion over time. Villa Caffetto puts this era back into the spotlight.

不止是一座住宅——解密Caffetto別墅的文化使命第2張圖片

▲ 頂層畫廊展示了卡費(fèi)托創(chuàng)作的半身像及其他雕塑作品
Busts and other sculptures by Caffetto displayed in the top-floor gallery
(Image credit: Adam Štěch)

走進(jìn)Caffetto別墅的世界

這座住宅由鮮為人知的建筑師Fausto Bontempi(生于1935年)設(shè)計(jì)，他深受其導(dǎo)師、著名威尼斯建筑師Carlo Scarpa的影響。Scarpa的建筑以形式的復(fù)雜性和對(duì)幾何的執(zhí)著著稱。Bontempi于1962年畢業(yè)，隨后成為倫巴第地區(qū)城市規(guī)劃部門的顧問，1970年至1975年間負(fù)責(zé)加爾達(dá)湖周邊多個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)的總體規(guī)劃。同時(shí)，他還在湖區(qū)建造了幾座實(shí)驗(yàn)性住宅和其他建筑項(xiàng)目。

Bontempi主要受到Scarpa對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)與材料精雕細(xì)琢的影響，但他以近乎解構(gòu)主義的方式挑戰(zhàn)了當(dāng)時(shí)的粗野主義風(fēng)格，創(chuàng)造出狂放不羈且難以歸類的建筑作品。他最著名的作品包括1968年在薩洛建造的Cooperativa La Valle住宅綜合體，以及1978年至1985年間在加爾達(dá)湖蒙尼加鎮(zhèn)建造的公墓。

Bontempi的項(xiàng)目不僅向Scarpa的設(shè)計(jì)方法致敬，同時(shí)也呼應(yīng)了他同時(shí)代建筑師的作品，例如Umberto Riva, Leonardo Ricci, Giuseppe Pergugini 以及Carlo Graffi。這些建筑師皆將粗野主義的美學(xué)融入了復(fù)雜的雕塑形式之中。

Take our tour of Villa Caffetto
The house was designed by little-known architect Fausto Bontempi (b.1935), who was highly influenced by his teacher, famous Venetian architect Carlo Scarpa. The latter’s architecture is known for its formal complexity and an obsession with geometry. Bontempi graduated in 1962 and became a consultant for the Lombardy region's Department of Urban Planning, working on Regulatory Plans for the municipalities of Lake Garda between 1970 and 1975. At the same time, he built a few experimental houses and other projects around the lake.
Inspired mostly by Scarpa’s sophisticated attention to detail and material, Bontempi challenged the era’s brutalism with an almost deconstructivist take, creating wild compositions that defy categorisation. His most notable works include the residential complex Cooperativa La Valle in Salò, built in 1968, and the cemetery of Moniga del Garda, constructed between 1978 and 1985. His projects nod not only to Scarpa’s approach but also to the output of his contemporaries, such as Umberto Riva, Leonardo Ricci, Giuseppe Pergugini and Carlo Graffi, who all applied a brutalist aesthetic to complex sculptural forms.

不止是一座住宅——解密Caffetto別墅的文化使命第3張圖片

▲ 主起居室內(nèi)擺放著Claudio Caffetto為這座新建成的住宅購(gòu)買的木質(zhì)扶手椅
The main living room with wooden armchairs purchased by Claudio Caffetto for the newly completed house
(Image credit: Adam Štěch)

雕塑這一藝術(shù)形式將Bontempi的職業(yè)生涯與他最具慧眼的客戶之一——年輕的雕塑家Claudio Caffetto聯(lián)系在了一起。兩人相識(shí)于Bontempi為倫巴第地區(qū)工作期間。在接下來的兩年里，兩人關(guān)系日漸親密。1972年，Bontempi陪同這位藝術(shù)家前往法國(guó)和德國(guó)進(jìn)行商務(wù)旅行。同年，Bontempi受委托為Caffetto設(shè)計(jì)住宅。這座以Caffetto名字命名的別墅于1973年至1974年間建成。

The medium of sculpture draws a parallel between Bontempi's career and that of one of his most enlightened clients, young sculptor Claudio Caffetto whom he met while working for the Lombardy Region. Over the next two years, the two became close and in 1972 the architect accompanied the artist on a business trip to France and Germany. That same year, Bontempi was commissioned to design a home for Caffetto; the latter’s namesake villa was built between 1973 and 1974.

不止是一座住宅——解密Caffetto別墅的文化使命第4張圖片

▲ 這座住宅由多個(gè)層次和具有角度的房間構(gòu)成，房間之間通過走廊、樓梯和坡道交織連接
The house is composed of various levels and angled rooms interwoven with corridors, stairs and ramps
(Image credit: Adam Štěch)

“我們的父親在年少時(shí)失去了母親。僅14歲時(shí)，他就找到了一份在建筑師Bruno Fedrigolli工作室擔(dān)任繪圖員的工作，以幫助家庭分擔(dān)經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。在那里，他對(duì)建筑產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣，并結(jié)識(shí)了布雷西亞藝術(shù)界的許多代表人物。他還參加了布雷西亞藝術(shù)家協(xié)會(huì)的夜間繪畫和雕塑課程。”Caffetto的女兒、Metilde和Giovanna說道，目前她們是Caffetto別墅的現(xiàn)任主人。后來，這位藝術(shù)家進(jìn)入了帕爾馬的藝術(shù)學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)。同時(shí)，他作為繪圖員的工作讓他接觸到了當(dāng)?shù)氐腻a制工匠，并為他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了水壺和盤子等器物。19歲時(shí)，他在布雷西亞創(chuàng)辦了一家小型的錫制工藝作坊，這后來成為了他的主要事業(yè)。

‘Our father lost his mother at a young age. At just 14, he found his first job as a draughtsman in the studio of architect Bruno Fedrigolli to contribute to the family's finances. There, he developed a passion for architecture and met numerous representatives of the Brescian art scene. He attended evening drawing and sculpture courses at the Brescian Artists' Association,’ say Metilde and Giovanna Caffetto, daughters of Claudio and current owners of Villa Caffetto. The artist eventually enrolled at the Art School in Parma. In the meantime, his work as a draughtsman brought him into contact with local pewter craftspeople for whom he designed objects such as jugs and plates. He was just 19 years old when he opened Metalpilter in Brescia, a small pewter craft workshop which later became his main business.

不止是一座住宅——解密Caffetto別墅的文化使命第5張圖片

(Image credit: Adam Štěch)

1963年，Caffetto與Franca Manera結(jié)婚。夫妻二人共同開始了他們的住宅和藝術(shù)工作室的建設(shè)旅程。“我們的父親與Bontempi將這座住宅構(gòu)想為一個(gè)宇宙，由充滿形式、材質(zhì)與光線能量的元素組成，并在彼此之間形成一種動(dòng)態(tài)而和諧的關(guān)系?！盋affetto的家人回憶道，“在建設(shè)期間，每逢周日，工地總是擠滿了好奇的觀眾。由于這座住宅的不尋常外觀和幾何形式，完全不同于傳統(tǒng)住宅建筑的風(fēng)格，甚至有傳聞?wù)f它是一座機(jī)場(chǎng)，還有其他天馬行空的解讀?！盋affetto一家回憶道。

In 1963, Caffeto married Franca Manera. Together they embarked on building their home and artist studio. ‘Our father and Bontempi conceived a house as a universe composed of elements charged with the energy of form, matter and light in a dynamic and harmonious relationship with each other. During the construction, the site was always crowded with curious people on Sundays. [Because of its unconventional looks and geometries, which were not typical for residential architecture] there were rumours that it was an airport and other imaginative interpretations,’ the Caffettos recount.

不止是一座住宅——解密Caffetto別墅的文化使命第6張圖片

▲ 頂層工作室陳設(shè)著Marcel Breuer的“B33”椅子。
The top-floor studio furnished with Marcel Breuer’s ‘B33’ chairs
(Image credit: Adam Štěch)

這座住宅的構(gòu)成是多重視角與體驗(yàn)交織的產(chǎn)物；各個(gè)房間與層次之間動(dòng)態(tài)地相互貫通。住宅內(nèi)設(shè)有樓梯、坡道以及富有表現(xiàn)力的斜角房間，配備了Bontempi設(shè)計(jì)的木、金屬與石材構(gòu)成的內(nèi)置結(jié)構(gòu)細(xì)節(jié)，貫穿天花板、燈具、扶手和家具。這座如雕塑般的建筑充滿了戲劇性，如同一座虛幻的M.C.埃舍爾迷宮，映射出其設(shè)計(jì)者與委托人的創(chuàng)造性活力。

“作為孩子居住于此，屋里屋外的生活都十分有趣，因?yàn)樵诤⒆拥难壑校@座別墅充滿了許多角落、縫隙和藏身之處。但由于它從一開始就被設(shè)想為一座展示藝術(shù)作品的住宅博物館，因此并沒有為自由玩耍留下太多空間。”Caffetto的女兒說道。

The composition of the house is the result of interweaving viewpoints and experiences; rooms and levels dynamically flow into each other. There are stairs, ramps and expressively angled rooms, equipped with Bontempi's built-in structural details made of wood, metal and stone, spanning ceilings, lamps, handrails and furniture. Illusion, drama and distortion create an inhabitable sculpture, an illusory M.C. Escher's labyrinth that reflects the creative energy of both its author and his client.
‘Living in the house as a child, especially on the outside, was fun because seen through the eyes of a child, the villa has many nooks, crannies and hiding places. But since it was conceived from the beginning as a house museum for the exhibition of works of art, it did not leave much room for freedom and play,’ say Caffetto’s daughters.

不止是一座住宅——解密Caffetto別墅的文化使命第7張圖片

▲ 一座螺旋樓梯從起居室通往雕塑展廊
A spiral staircase leads from the living room to the sculpture gallery
(Image credit: Adam Štěch)

20世紀(jì)70年代，這座別墅成為當(dāng)?shù)厮囆g(shù)家聚會(huì)的場(chǎng)所。Gino Cosentino、Alberto Meli、Berocal、Rinaldo Pigola、Franco Grignani、Dada Maino、Delima Medeiros以及Hsiao Chi等藝術(shù)家都曾在此展出他們的作品。這些藝術(shù)家的交流催生了Caffetto的新文化活動(dòng)——“Caffetto藝術(shù)版畫”。這一業(yè)務(wù)專注于用不同金屬制作多版本的藝術(shù)品，如青銅、鋁、銅和錫。Caffetto在別墅頂層的工作室中創(chuàng)作這些作品，并在毗鄰的玻璃屋頂展廊中展出。

In the 1970s, the villa became a place where local artists met. Gino Cosentino, Alberto Meli, Berocal, Rinaldo Pigola, Franco Grignani, Dada Maino, Delima Medeiros and Hsiao Chi, all exhibited works there. These encounters gave rise to Caffetto’s new cultural activity - Edizioni d'Arte Caffetto, a business dedicated to the production of multiple editions of artworks in different metals, including bronze, aluminium, copper and pewter. Caffetto created these in the house’s top-floor studio and exhibited them in the glass-roofed gallery next to it.

不止是一座住宅——解密Caffetto別墅的文化使命第8張圖片

(Image credit: Adam Štěch)

這座住宅目前部分空間對(duì)公眾開放，作為文化活動(dòng)、藝術(shù)家駐地和展覽的場(chǎng)地。據(jù)Metilde和Giovanna介紹：“我們的計(jì)劃是延續(xù)已經(jīng)開啟的道路，拓展這里的文化活動(dòng)，組織導(dǎo)覽，推廣我們父親的藝術(shù)作品及曾在別墅創(chuàng)作的藝術(shù)家的作品收藏，并與學(xué)術(shù)界保持聯(lián)系，使這座住宅再次成為創(chuàng)意人士的聚會(huì)場(chǎng)所，這里也是一個(gè)供建筑與設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域?qū)＜医涣鞯牡胤?。為?shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)，我們需要走出家族的范疇，與相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)人士及有意投資此項(xiàng)目的各方建立合作。”

The house is currently partly open to the public as a venue for cultural events, artist residencies, and exhibitions. According to Metilde and Giovanna: ‘The plan is to continue on the path we have embarked on, by setting up an association that can expand the cultural offerings here, organise guided tours, enhance our father's art and the collection of works by the artists who frequented the villa, and keep in contact with the academic world so that the house can once again become a meeting place for creatives; a place for experts in the field of architecture and design. To do this, it will be necessary to step out of the family sphere and create a partnership with professionals in the sector and parties interested in investing in this project.’

不止是一座住宅——解密Caffetto別墅的文化使命第9張圖片